|
Mysore literature in Kannada is a body of literature composed in the Kannada language in the historical Kingdom of Mysore in Southern India and written in the Kannada script. The writings date from the Kingdom of Mysore, which existed from around 1600 CE until the establishment of modern India in 1947. Many of the works of this literature written on religious themes are labeled Veerashaiva or Vaishnava in acknowledgment of the two faiths that gave form to the literature and fostered it until the advent of the modern era〔 Despite a gradual decline in the popularity of Jainism, authors devoted to the faith produced some works of merit.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 17, Shastri (1955), p. 359〕 Secular themes dealing with a wide range of subjects were also written on.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23–26; Kamath (2001), p. 228, 280; Pranesh (2003), pp. 11, 60; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89〕 Kannada literature flourished for a short while in the court of the neighbouring kingdom of the Nayakas of Keladi whose territory was annexed by Mysore in 1763.〔Nagaraj (2003), pp. 370, 377〕 During an age of revival and innovation, some Mysore court poets brought back the classical ''champu'' (a composition in prose-verse), a form of writing that had prevailed in Kannada prior to 13th century, and initiated writings on contemporary history.〔Shipley (2007), pp. 526, 528〕 Yakshagana, a native form of dramatic literature meant for a rustic audience, consolidated in the coastal and malnad (hill) regions in the 16th century and gained popularity thereafter, and spread to Mysore and Yelandur.〔Ashton (2003), p. 22; Brandon and Banham (1993), p. 115; Kamath (2001), p. 281〕 The literature of the itinerant Haridasas, popular in the 15th and 16th century, was revived in the 18th and 19th century, and had a strong influence on devotionalism in the Kannada speaking regions.〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 200–201; Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 884; Thielemann (2002), pp. 21–22〕 The ''vachana'' poetic tradition was repopularised by some poets while others wrote anthologies and doctrines based on the 12th century Veerashaiva canon.〔Shipley (2007), p. 528; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 188–192; Nagaraj (2003) p. 379〕 Social developments in the 19th century brought the influence of English literature and classical Sanskrit literature, resulting in the birth of modern prose, prose narrative and theatrical literature.〔Murthy (1992), pp. 167–170〕 The men of letters in the Mysore royal court included not only the court poets, who were often quite prolific, but also on occasion the rulers themselves.〔Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Shipley (2007), p. 528; Kamath (2001), pp. 227, 229–230; Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23, 26; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Pranesh (2003), p. 7〕 In the post Vijayanagara period, a new kind of lyrical poetry, one unaffiliated with the royal court, and written by maverick-poets was gaining popularity.〔Nagaraj (2003), pp. 378–379〕 A wide range of metres, indigenous and Sanskritic, were popular including ''tripadi'' (3-line verse), ''shatpadi'' (6-line verse) and ''saptapadi'' (7-line verse) metres, and ''gadya'' (prose).〔Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 192, 210; Pranesh (2003), pp. 21, 32, 42–43, 49–50, 87–88; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1764〕 ==Pre-16th century literature== (詳細はJainism (9th–12th centuries), Veerashaivism (devotion to the god Shiva, from 12th century), and Vaishnavism (devotion to the god Vishnu, from 15th century).〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 17, 65–66〕〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 167–170, 192–195〕 In addition, writings on secular subjects remained popular throughout this period.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 61–64〕 Jain works were written in the classical ''champu'' metre and were centred on the lives of Tirthankars (saints), princes and personages associated with the Jainism.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 17, 61〕 The early Veerashaiva literature (1150–1200 CE), comprising pithy poems called ''Vachanas'' (''lit.'' "utterance" or "saying")〔Sastri (1955), pp. 360–361; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 56〕〔Kamath (2001), p. 115; Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 21〕 which propagated devotion to the god Shiva were written mostly as prose-poems, and to a lesser extent in the ''tripadi'' metre.〔Rice E.P. (1921), p. 59; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324〕〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 163–164, 166–169, 191〕 From the 13th century, Veerashaiva writers made the saints of the 12th century the protagonists of their writings and established native metres such as the ''ragale'' (lyrical compositions in blank verse) and the ''shatpadi''.〔Sastri (1955), p. 362; Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 188〕〔Sahitya Akademi (1987), pp. 551–552, pp. 403–404; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 179–205〕〔Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 1181〕 The Vaishnava writers of the 15th and early 16th century Vijayanagara empire consisted of the Brahmin commentators who wrote under royal patronage, and the itinerant Haridasas, saint-poets who spread the philosophy of Madhvacharya using simple Kannada in the form of melodious songs.〔Nagaraj (2003), p. 368〕〔Sharma (1961), pp. 514–555〕〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 194–200〕 The Haridasa poets used genres such as the ''kirthane'' (compositions based on rhythm and melody), the ''suladi'' (rhythm-based) and the ''ugabhoga'' (melody-based).〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 166–167, 193–194〕 Overall, Kannada writings had changed from ''marga'' (formal) to ''desi'' (vernacular) and become more accessible to the commoner.〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 163–164, 166–167〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mysore literature in Kannada」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|